Alzheimer’s Disease
Alzheimer’s Disease
Alzheimer’s disease is the leading cause of dementia, a progressive neurological disorder that impairs memory, thinking, and behaviour. It begins with abnormal protein accumulations, amyloid plaques, and neurofibrillary tangles, gradually damaging brain cells and leading to brain shrinkage.
Globally, more than 55 million people are affected by dementia, with Alzheimer’s accounting for nearly 60–70% of all cases, according to the World Health Organization (WHO). This translates to an estimated 33–38 million individuals currently living with Alzheimer’s disease around the world.
According to Alzheimer’s and Related Disorders Society of India (ARDSI) and the Lancet Public Health, in India, approximately 8.8 million people are affected by dementia, with Alzheimer's being the most prevalent form. Alarming projections indicate that these numbers could double by 2050 due to a growing aging population.
What is Alzheimer’s Disease?
According to the WHO, Alzheimer’s disease is a degenerative brain disorder that leads to the gradual loss of cognitive functions, such as memory and reasoning. Over time, individuals may lose the ability to carry out simple tasks. The disease primarily affects people over the age of 65, but early-onset forms can appear much earlier.
Alzheimer’s is a neurodegenerative disorder, which means it gradually damages and destroys brain cells over time. As the disease advances, it significantly impacts essential functions such as memory, speech, and reasoning, eventually interfering with a person’s ability to carry out daily activities.
Stages of Alzheimer’s Disease
Alzheimer’s disease progresses slowly over several years and is generally classified into the following seven stages, grouped under three main phases: early, middle, and late.
1. No Impairment (Stage 1): No memory loss or symptoms. Changes in the brain may begin, but they are not detectable.
2. Very Mild Cognitive Decline (Stage 2): Slight forgetfulness (e.g., misplacing things). Often considered normal aging. No symptoms observed by others.
3. Mild Cognitive Decline (Stage 3): Noticeable memory and concentration issues. Trouble with words, names, or performance in work/social settings.
4. Moderate Cognitive Decline (Stage 4) – Early Alzheimer’s: Clear memory lapses, difficulty with complex tasks, planning, or finances. Mood changes may occur.
5. Moderately Severe Cognitive Decline (Stage 5) – Mid-Stage Alzheimer’s: Significant memory gaps and help needed for daily tasks. Still remembers basic personal details.
6. Severe Cognitive Decline (Stage 6): Increased confusion, personality changes, difficulty recognizing loved ones, assistance needed with basic tasks.
7. Very Severe Cognitive Decline (Stage 7) – Late-Stage Alzheimer’s: Loss of communication, full-time care needed, deterioration of physical abilities.
Causes & Risk Factors
Alzheimer’s is linked to the abnormal buildup of proteins around and inside brain cells:
* Amyloid: Forms plaques around brain cells.
* Tau: Forms tangles inside brain cells.
These interfere with neurotransmitters like acetylcholine, leading to cognitive decline. The exact cause of the buildup is unclear, but several risk factors increase susceptibility:
* Age (primary risk factor)
* Family history of Alzheimer’s or dementia
* Genetic mutations (e.g., APOE-e4 gene)
* Cardiovascular issues (high blood pressure, diabetes)
* Traumatic brain injuries
* Smoking and alcohol use
* Physical inactivity and poor diet
* Social isolation and depression
Signs & Symptoms
Symptoms often mimic aging but worsen over time:
* Memory loss affecting daily life
* Difficulty planning or problem-solving
* Confusion with time/place
* Trouble understanding visual/spatial cues
* Speech/writing difficulties
* Misplacing items, inability to retrace steps
* Social withdrawal
* Mood or personality changes
When to Seek Immediate Medical Help
If a loved one shows persistent memory loss, confusion, or mood changes, consult a neurologist. Book an appointment at Apex Hospitals for early intervention.
How is it Diagnosed?
Alzheimer’s is diagnosed through:
These help differentiate Alzheimer’s from other types of dementia.
Treatment Options
There is no cure, but treatments help manage symptoms:
Medications:
* Cholinesterase inhibitors
* NMDA receptor antagonists (e.g., Memantine)
* Newer early-stage drugs (research-based)
Non-Medical Therapies:
* Cognitive stimulation therapy
* Occupational therapy
* Support groups
Apex Hospital Facilities
Apex Hospitals offers:
- Neurology expertise
- Memory care units (NABH-accredited)
- Diagnostic tools for early detection
- Custom memory care programs
- Counselling and caregiver support
Lifestyle Management & Recovery Tips
- Engage in mentally stimulating activities
- Maintain a diet rich in omega-3s and antioxidants
- Exercise regularly and get quality sleep
- Use memory aids (notes, alarms, reminders)
- Encourage social engagement
- Avoid smoking and limit alcohol
- Follow a Mediterranean/heart-healthy diet
Complications if Left Untreated
Without treatment, Alzheimer’s may result in:
- Total dependency on caregivers
- Greater risk of infections and falls
- Malnutrition and severe cognitive decline
- Shortened life expectancy
Why Choose Apex Hospitals for Alzheimer’s Care?
Apex Hospitals provides comprehensive Alzheimer’s care through:
- Specialist neurologists
- Advanced diagnostic tools
- Individualized treatment plans
- Emotional and medical support for patients and caregivers
- NABH-accredited standards ensuring safety and quality care
Expert Opinions & Guidelines
According to the Alzheimer’s Association, CDC, and India’s Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, early diagnosis and holistic care improve outcomes. Apex Hospitals supports every step of your care journey.
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